The First World War was an unprecedented disaster that killed millions and pose the continent of Europe on the way of life to further catastrophe two decades afterward . But it did n’t fall out of nowhere . With the centenary of the outbreak of hostilities descend up in 2014 , Erik Sass will be looking back at the lead - up to the war , when apparently small-scale moments of friction accumulated until the billet was ready to explode . He ’ll be covering those events 100 class after they come . This is the 62nd installment in the series . ( See all entrieshere . )
27 February 2025: The Fall of Adrianople
During the First Balkan War , the armies of the Balkan League — Bulgaria , Serbia , Greece , and Montenegro — scored victory after triumph against the ailing Ottoman Empire , until Turkish troops were isolated in a handful of fortified cities . About 20 miles west of the Ottoman capital Constantinople , the Turks dug in for a last stand atChataldzha(Catalca ) , where they fended off repeated Bulgarian assaults . Elsewhere in the Balkans , Scutari ( Shkodër ) was besieged by Montenegrin and Serbian force , despite threats from Austria - Hungary ’s extraneous minister , Count Berchtold , who wanted the urban center to be part of the Modern self-governing country ofAlbania . And to the Dixie , a small Turkish garrison held out in Janina ( Ioannina ) until March 6 , when the city lastly return to a mass rape by Hellenic forces .
But the most of import city still in Turkish ownership in March 1913 was Adrianople ( Edirne ) , in Thrace . In addition to its strategic post on the way to Constantinople and the Turkish straits , Adrianople had cultural and sentimental significance for the Turks : After Sultan Murad I captured the city in 1365 , Adrianople dish as the Ottomans ’ European capital letter until the free fall of Constantinople in 1453 , and contains treasure of art and computer architecture let in the Selimiye Mosque , design by the designer Mimar Sinan in the belated 16th century . Of course the ancient city — call the “ most contested spotlight on the world ” by military historian John Keegan — was also important to the Bulgarians , who remembered it as the site of numerous clashes between the medieval Bulgarians and Byzantines as well a great Bulgarian triumph over maraud Crusaders in 1205 .
After get the better of the Turks atKirk Kilissein October 1912 , a Bulgarian force of 100,000 ( later joined by 50,000 Serbs ) put down siege to Adrianople , but repeated assaults were frustrated by 75,000 dogged Turkish defenders , labour in behind German - designed fortifications that were wide considered unassailable . So set were nationalistic Turkish officers not to give up Adrianople that , when the Ottoman government in Constantinople harmonize to surrender the metropolis during serenity negotiations , policeman from the Committee of Union and Progress — CUP , better have a go at it as the “ Young Turks”—overthrew the political science in acoupon January 23 , 1913 , kill warfare minister Nazim Pasha in the process .
By March 1913 , morale was plunging among the Bulgarians , who were low on supplies , exposed to the elements , and undermine by typhus and cholera . The Bulgarian commander , General Mihail Savov , roll in the hay that time was running out for a successful assault . The reaching of Serbian reinforcements — especially Serbian clayey gun — in February help Savov settle in favor of attack . The order was give on March 23 , and the battle start the next day .
At 1 p.m. on March 24 , 1913 , the flat coat shook and the sky flash as Bulgarian and Serbian artillery pour thousands of shells on Adrianople ’s defenses . As this shrink barrage reached its climax in the former morning of March 25 , undulation of Bulgarian and Serbian scout group advanced towards Turkish lines to the Dixie of the city . Fierce fight continue until noonday on March 25 , ensue in heavy casualties — but the southern attack was really just a feint , intended to draw Turkish troop away from the metropolis ’s eastern defenses . This luxuriant artifice succeeded and the master assault from the east began around 3:50 a.m. on March 25 . Within a few hours Bulgarian and Serbian troops had broken through nipping telegram and trench to capture the outer ring of Turkish defence , reach the inner closed chain by 1:50 a.m. on March 26 . Turkish units now began to deliver en masse , and by 9 a.m. Bulgarian cavalry had penetrated into the city itself . At 1 p.m. on March 26 , 1913 , the Ottoman commandant , Mehmet Şükrü Pasha , officially surrendered to the Bulgarians .
The loss of Adrianople was the final indignity for Turkish nationalists already humiliated and enraged by the loss of the Ottoman Empire ’s Balkan territories . Public opinion was further inflamed by the arrival of around 400,000 Turkish and Albanian Muslim refugees from the Balkans , severalize of horrible heinousness by Christian scout group . And the situation was only getting worse : On March 26 , 1913 , the very 24-hour interval Adrianople fell , the Ottoman governing was forced by Europe ’s Great Powers to pass a law giving more self-reliance to six provinces in easterly Anatolia with big minority ( in some case , majority ) populations , including Armenians and Kurds .
Supposedly turn over on humanitarian grounds , these Delaware - centralizing quantity cleared the way for Russia ’s deviousplanto stretch its influence in the region , with an eye to outright appropriation . As a issue , the Ottoman Empire ’s minorities — peculiarly the Armenians and Greeks — were viewed with develop misgiving by Turkish nationalists , who feared they were unreliable and possibly even agents of foreign powers like Russia . This would have fearful consequence in the descend Great War , when the Ottoman governance committed genocide against Armenians and Greeks .
The sudden upsurge of Turkish nationalistic intuitive feeling was reflected in the issue of scores of pamphlets , books , journal , and newspaper newspaper column calling for a Turkish “ waking up . ” Citing the late military licking as well as the empire ’s tactless administration , pathetic educational organization and economic backwardness , Turkish nationalist called for widely - place reform , indeed the macrocosm of a “ newfangled smart set ” or “ new life . ” Otherwise , they warn , the European imperialists would chip at up the Turkish heartland in Anatolia .
One folder , “ The Ottoman Future , Its Enemies and Friends , ” bring out January 18 , 1913 , was typical : “ There can be no doubt that our native land ’s survival and well - being look on the raising of our defensive strength … Ottomans ! … If you do not need to become slaves , if you do not want to be destroyed forever , ready yourselves for the engagement . ” Significantly , several authors prognosticate for an alliance with Germany against the rising business leader of Russia and its Slavic ally in the Balkans . But the general thrust was uncomplicated rage and desire for payback . In a letter written on May 8 , 1913 , Enver Pasha , the leader of the Young Turks , poured out his anger : “ My pump is bleeding … our hatred is compound : revenge , revenge , revenge , there is nothing else . ”
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